Note:

This formula calculates the Electrical Resistance (R) of a conductivity probe based on its conductivity (σ) and cell constant (K). It helps determine how well a solution resists electrical flow, which is crucial in various scientific and industrial applications.

Understanding Parameters:

• Conductivity (σ) (S/cm): - Measures a solution's ability to conduct electricity. - Higher conductivity means better conduction (lower resistance).
• Cell Constant (K) (cm⁻¹): - A fixed value based on the probe’s physical structure. - Used to standardize conductivity measurements.
• Resistance (R) (Ω): - Determines how much the solution resists electrical flow. - Calculated using the formula: R = K / σ.

Key Applications:

• Water Quality Testing: - Helps evaluate water purity. **High resistance** means **low conductivity** (pure water), while **low resistance** means **high conductivity** (contaminated water).
• Industrial and Chemical Analysis: - Used in **boilers, cooling systems, and wastewater treatment** to monitor electrical properties of solutions.
• Scientific Research & Electronics: - Helps in understanding solution properties in **laboratories and sensor calibration**.

Validations & Input Constraints:

• Conductivity must be positive: - σ > 0 is required because negative conductivity values are physically impossible. - If σ ≤ 0, an error message will be displayed: "Invalid input! Conductivity must be a positive number."
• Cell Constant must be positive: - K > 0 is required because the cell constant represents a physical property of the probe. - If K ≤ 0, an error message will be displayed: "Invalid input! Cell constant must be a positive number."
• Resistance is always positive: - Since R = K / σ, it will always yield a positive value when valid inputs are used.
• No Negative or Zero Values Allowed: - Any negative or zero input will result in an error message prompting users to enter valid values.

Conclusion:

This tool enables users to accurately calculate electrical resistance based on conductivity and cell constant, ensuring **valid input values** for **reliable resistance measurements**.