Note:

This formula calculates the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in a water sample based on its conductivity. It is derived from the relationship between the concentration of dissolved ions and the ability of the solution to conduct electricity.

Understanding Parameters:

• Conductivity (µS/cm): Measures the ability of a solution (like water) to conduct electricity, influenced by dissolved salts, minerals, and impurities.
• TDS (ppm): Total Dissolved Solids, representing the concentration of dissolved substances in water. Calculated using the formula: TDS (ppm) = Conductivity (µS/cm) × 0.7.

Why is 0.7 Used as the Conversion Factor?

The factor 0.7 is an empirical value used to estimate TDS from conductivity because the relationship between conductivity and dissolved solids varies with water composition. Natural freshwater typically has a conductivity-to-TDS conversion factor ranging between 0.55 and 0.8, depending on the types of dissolved salts and minerals present. The value 0.7 is a widely accepted average, commonly used in drinking water assessments and environmental monitoring. This factor ensures a reasonable approximation of TDS, though precise measurements may require laboratory analysis.

Key Applications:

• Drinking Water Quality: TDS is used to assess the safety and taste of drinking water. High TDS levels may indicate contamination or excessive mineral content.
• Environmental Monitoring: TDS measurements help evaluate the health of rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
• Industrial Processes: TDS is critical in industries like boilers, cooling towers, and wastewater treatment, where water quality affects efficiency and equipment lifespan.

Validations & Input Constraints:

• Conductivity must be positive: - Conductivity > 0 is required because negative conductivity values are physically impossible. - If Conductivity ≤ 0, an error message will be displayed: "Invalid input! Conductivity must be a positive number."
• TDS is always positive: - Since TDS = Conductivity × 0.7, it will always yield a positive value when conductivity is valid.
• No Negative or Zero Values Allowed: - Any negative input or zero will result in an error message prompting users to enter a valid value.

Conclusion:

This tool allows users to accurately calculate TDS based on water conductivity while ensuring valid input values. Proper validation prevents incorrect calculations and enhances the reliability of water quality assessments.